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(besser: '''dual''').<br /> {| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4<br /> ! Zahlensystem <br /> ! Basis <br /> ! Ziffern<br /> |-<br /> |dezimal || 10 || 0 .. 9 <br /> |-<br /> |hexadezimal || 16 || 0 .. 9, A .. F<br /> |-<br /> |oktal || 8 || 0 .. 7<br /> |-<br /> |dual || 2 || 0 .. 1<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Einige Zahlenbeispiele:<br /> {| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4<br /> !dezimal<br /> !hexadezimal<br /> !oktal<br /> !dual<br /> |-<br /> | 0 || 00 || 000 || 00000000<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || 01 || 001 || 00000001<br /> |-<br /> | 15 || 0F || 017 || 00001111<br /> |-<br /> | 100 || 64 || 144 || 01100100<br /> |-<br /> | 255 || FF || 377 || 11111111<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Darstellung ===<br /> <br /> '''Hexadezimal'''zahlen werden meistens (z.B. in [[C]] oder im [[AVR]]-[[Assembler]]) mit dem Prefix &quot;0x&quot; geschrieben, also z.B. 0x3A; auch anzutreffen ist die Schreibweise mit einem führenden &quot;$&quot; (z.B. $3A).<br /> <br /> Die vierstellige hexadezimale Schreibweise wird gerne verwendet um zwei [[Byte|Bytes]] zusammenzufassen:&lt;br&gt;<br /> Bsp.: 0x010F =&gt; 01 = sogenanntes High Byte oder Upper Nibble. 0F = sogenanntes Low Byte oder Lower Nibble.<br /> <br /> '''Oktal'''zahlen schreibt man in [[C]] mit einer führenden &quot;0&quot;.<br /> <br /> '''Binär'''zahlen schreibt man im AVR-Assembler mit &quot;0b&quot; am Anfang, z.B. 0b00110100. In [[C]]-Programmen ist die direkte Eingabe von Binärzahlen nicht möglich, es lassen sich aber [[C Makros|Makros]] zu diesem Zweck schreiben.<br /> <br /> [[Assembler]] mit Intel-Syntax (z.B. für 80x86 oder [[8051]]) verwenden dagegen zur Kennzeichnung keinen Präfix sondern einen Postfix. Für Hexzahlen gilt also z.B. die Notation 0A5H, für Oktalzahlen 245O (oder 245Q) und für Binärzahlen dementsprechend 10100101B.<br /> <br /> Wie die Umrechnung mathematisch funktioniert, ist auf [http://schulen.freiepresse.de/gymnasiumolbernhau/informatik/stellenwertsysteme.htm] beschrieben. Viele &quot;bessere&quot; Taschenrechner können die Zahlensysteme ebenfalls umrechnen, so auch der Windows-Taschenrechner (im wissenschaftlichen Modus),<br /> oder der UNIX-Taschenrechner bc.<br /> <br /> <br /> Anmerkung:<br /> <br /> Oktalzahlen sind in der Mikrocontroller-Programmierung heute seltener anzutreffen. Praktisch sind sie vor allem dann, wenn Binärzahlen aus irgend einem Grund in Gruppen von jeweils drei Bit strukturiert sind. Das gilt z.B. für die Datei-Zugriffsrechte unter [[Unix]]/[[Linux]], die sich bequem durch Angabe einer Oktalzahl einstellen lassen (z.B. entspricht &quot;751&quot; dem Bitmuster &quot;111 101 001&quot; oder &quot;rwxr-x--x&quot; in der üblichen Zugriffsrecht-Darstellung.) .<br /> <br /> C-Programmierer sollten sich die führende Null bei Oktalzahlen unbedingt merken, auch wenn sie keine Oktalzahlen verwenden wollen. Denn es bedeutet, daß man Dezimalzahlen nicht mit führenden Nullen schreiben darf. &quot;64&quot; und &quot;064&quot; sind zwei völlig verschiedene Zahlen. Das erste ist die dezimale Zahl 64, das zweite die oktale Zahl 64, was der dezimalen Zahl 52 entspricht. 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https://www.mikrocontroller.net/index.php?title=Temperatursensor&diff=11915 Temperatursensor 2006-03-15T20:16:50Z <p>210.217.94.3: </p> <hr /> <div>Will man mit einem [[Mikrocontroller]] Temperaturen messen, dann braucht man<br /> * einen Meßwertaufnehmer, der die Wärme z.B. in eine Spannung umwandelt<br /> * einen [[AD-Wandler]], der das Signal digitalisiert. Der kann durchaus auch schon auf dem Mikrocontroller integriert sein.<br /> <br /> Dies gibt es nun in allen möglichen Varianten. Vom temperaturabhängigen [[Widerstand]] bis zum fertig abgeglichenen All-in-one-Bauteil mit digitalem Ausgang.<br /> <br /> == NTC/PTC ==<br /> NTC (Heißleiter) und PTC (Kaltleiter) sind temperaturabhängige Widerstände. Um den Widerstandswert zu messen schaltet man sie mit einem normalen Widerstand in Reihe und mißt dann den [[Spannungsfall|Spannungsabfall]]. Eine Beispielschaltung findet sich [http://www.mathar.com/msp_thermo1.html hier].<br /> <br /> Vorteil:<br /> * billig (Reichelt 0,29 EUR)<br /> <br /> Nachteil:<br /> * müssen abgeglichen werden<br /> * brauchen A/D-Wandler<br /> <br /> == LM335 ==<br /> Ein [[IC]], das pro Kelvin 10mV ausgibt. In verschiedenen Bauformen erhältlich. Beispielschaltungen finden sich im Datenblatt; eine Schaltung, die mit einem Komparator (statt eines &quot;richtigen&quot; A/D-Wandlers) auskommt findet sich [http://medo.fov.uni-mb.si/mapp/ds_adc/ hier].<br /> <br /> Vorteile:<br /> * auch ohne Kalibrierung Genauigkeit von einem Grad (bei 25°C)<br /> * relativ billig (Reichelt ab 0,87 EUR)<br /> <br /> Nachteile:<br /> * benötigt A/D-Wandler<br /> * bei längerer Anschlussleitung wird sehr viel Brumm induziert<br /> <br /> == LM334 ==<br /> Ein [[IC]] ähnlich dem LM335 mit dem Unterschied, dass der durch das IC fließende Strom proportional von der Temperatur abhängt. Mit einer &quot;Schaltung&quot; (zwei Widerstände) aus dem Datenblatt kann man dann den Strom in einer Weise wandeln, dass pro Kelvin 10mV ausgegeben werden. Da die Strom/Spannungswandlung auf der Platine (und damit nahe am AD-Wandler) stattfindet und die Messung durch einen Strom stattfindet, ist die Störung durch Netzbrumm etc. viel geringer als beim LM335<br /> <br /> Vorteile:<br /> * auch ohne Kalibrierung Genauigkeit von einem Grad (bei 25°C)<br /> * relativ billig (Reichelt 0,90 EUR)<br /> <br /> Nachteile:<br /> * benötigt A/D-Wandler<br /> * Bereich 0°C-70°C<br /> <br /> == DS1621 ==<br /> Der DS1621 ist Temperatursensor und A/D-Wandler in einem. Er gibt seine Daten per [[I2C]]-[[Bus]] aus. Ein Schaltplan für einen elektronischen Thermometer mit diesem IC findet sich [http://www.myplace.nu/avr/thermo/ hier].<br /> <br /> Vorteile: <br /> * bereits kalibriert<br /> * kein A/D-Wandler nötig<br /> * da I2C ein Bus ist, kann man mehrere DS1621 und andere I2C-Bausteine zusammen anschließen und braucht dafür trotzdem nur zwei I/O-Ports.<br /> * Genauigkeit +-0,5°<br /> <br /> Nachteil:<br /> * teuer (Segor 5,80 EUR; RS 3,95EUR; Conrad 4,99EUR)<br /> <br /> == LM75 ==<br /> Der LM75 ist so ähnlich wie der DS1621, allerdings nur in SMD erhältlich und nicht so genau. Er ist aber öfters mal auf PC-Mainboards zu finden, so dass man beim Schlachten eines solchen günstig an einen Temperatursensor kommen kann. Einen Schaltplan findet man [http://www.mcselec.com/index.php?option=com_docman&amp;task=cat_view&amp;gid=83&amp;limit=1&amp;limitstart=35 hier].<br /> <br /> Vorteile:<br /> * bereits kalibriert<br /> * kein A/D-Wandler nötig<br /> * I2C-Bus Ausgang<br /> * billiger als DS1621 (Reichelt 2,10 EUR; RS 3V: 3,75EUR; 5V: 2,72EUR)<br /> <br /> Nachteile:<br /> * nur im SMD-Gehäuse erhältlich<br /> * sehr ungenau (+-2°)<br /> <br /> <br /> Compatible Typen: AD7415ART<br /> <br /> == DS18S20 / DS18B20 ==<br /> Der DS18S20 (Nachfolger des DS1820) und DS18B20 sind ebenfalls Temperatursensoren und A/D-Wandler in einem. Ihre Daten geben sie über ein 1-Wire-Interface aus, wodurch man am [[Mikrocontroller]] sogar nur einen einzigen I/O-Pin braucht. Außerdem beherrschen sie die parasitäre Stromversorgung, d.h. man braucht für Daten und Stromversorgung zusammen nur zwei Leitungen. Der DS18B20 hat per default 12 Bit Auflösung gegenüber 9 Bit Auflösung beim DS18S20.<br /> <br /> Links:<br /> * Einen Schaltplan findet man auf http://chaokhun.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/avrthermo/avrthermo.html<br /> * Code zur Ansteuerung auf http://www.mikrocontroller.net/forum/read-4-27035.html.<br /> * Datenblatt DS18S20: http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/DS18S20.pdf<br /> * Datenblatt DS18B20: http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/DS18B20.pdf<br /> <br /> Vorteile:<br /> * bereits kalibriert<br /> * Genauigkeit +-0,5°<br /> * 1-Wire-Ausgang<br /> <br /> Nachteil:<br /> * ziemlich teuer (Reichelt 5,45 EUR)<br /> <br /> == SHT11 ==<br /> Der SHT11 ist ein [[Temperatursensor|Temperatur]]- und Feuchtesensor von [http://www.sensirion.com Sensirion].<br /> <br /> Vorteile:<br /> * einfache [[I2C]]-ähnliche Ansteuerung<br /> * keine Kalibrierung notwendig<br /> <br /> Nachteile:<br /> * relativ teuer (Farnell 18,60 EUR)<br /> <br /> == Sonstiges ==<br /> Es gibt noch zahlreiche andere ICs für 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