# /bin/ - Systemrelevant & user relevant bash (1) - GNU Bourne-Again SHell cat (1) - concatenate files and print on the standard output chgrp (1) - change group ownership chmod (1) - change file mode bits chmod (2) - change permissions of a file chown (1) - change file owner and group chown (2) - change ownership of a file cp (1) - copy files and directories dash (1) - command interpreter (shell) date (1) - print or set the system date and time dd (1) - convert and copy a file df (1) - report file system space usage dir (1) - list directory contents dmesg (1) - print or control the kernel ring buffer dnsdomainname (1) - show the system's DNS domain name domainname (1) - show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name echo (1) - display a line of text echo (3ncurses) - curses input options egrep (1) - print lines that match patterns false (1) - do nothing, unsuccessfully fgrep (1) - print lines that match patterns findmnt (8) - find a filesystem grep (1) - print lines that match patterns gunzip (1) - compress or expand files gzexe (1) - compress executable files in place gzip (1) - compress or expand files hostname (1) - show or set the system's host name hostname (7) - hostname resolution description ln (1) - make links between files login (1) - begin session on the system login (3) - write utmp and wtmp entries ls (1) - list directory contents lsblk (8) - list block devices mkdir (1) - make directories mkdir (2) - create a directory mknod (1) - make block or character special files mknod (2) - create a special or ordinary file mktemp (1) - create a temporary file or directory mktemp (3) - make a unique temporary filename more (1) - file perusal filter for crt viewing mountpoint (1) - see if a directory or file is a mountpoint mv (1) - move (rename) files nisdomainname (1) - show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name pidof (8) - find the process ID of a running program pwd (1) - print name of current/working directory rbash (1) - restricted bash, see bash(1) readlink (1) - print resolved symbolic links or canonical file names readlink (2) - read value of a symbolic link rm (1) - remove files or directories rmdir (1) - remove empty directories rmdir (2) - delete a directory run-parts (8) - run scripts or programs in a directory sed (1) - stream editor for filtering and transforming text sh (1) - command interpreter (shell) sleep (1) - delay for a specified amount of time sleep (3) - sleep for a specified number of seconds stty (1) - change and print terminal line settings stty (2) - unimplemented system calls su (1) - run a command with substitute user and group ID sync (1) - Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage sync (2) - commit filesystem caches to disk tar (1) - an archiving utility tempfile (1) - create a temporary file in a safe manner touch (1) - change file timestamps touch (3ncurses) - curses refresh control routines true (1) - do nothing, successfully uname (1) - print system information uname (2) - get name and information about current kernel uncompress (1) - compress or expand files vdir (1) - list directory contents wdctl (8) - show hardware watchdog status ypdomainname (1) - show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name zcat (1) - compress or expand files zcmp (1) - compare compressed files zdiff (1) - compare compressed files zegrep (1) - search possibly compressed files for a regular expression zfgrep (1) - search possibly compressed files for a regular expression zforce (1) - force a '.gz' extension on all gzip files zgrep (1) - search possibly compressed files for a regular expression zless (1) - file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text zmore (1) - file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text znew (1) - recompress .Z files to .gz files # /sbin/ - Systemrelevant & Administrativ (braucht oft root) agetty (8) - alternative Linux getty blkdiscard (8) - discard sectors on a device blkid (8) - locate/print block device attributes blkzone (8) - run zone command on a device blockdev (8) - call block device ioctls from the command line chcpu (8) - configure CPUs ctrlaltdel (8) - set the function of the Ctrl-Alt-Del combination findfs (8) - find a filesystem by label or UUID fsck (8) - check and repair a Linux filesystem fsck.cramfs (8) - fsck compressed ROM file system fsck.minix (8) - check consistency of Minix filesystem fsfreeze (8) - suspend access to a filesystem (Ext3/4, ReiserFS, JFS,... fstab-decode (8) - run a command with fstab-encoded arguments fstrim (8) - discard unused blocks on a mounted filesystem getty (8) - alternative Linux getty installkernel (8) - install a new kernel image isosize (8) - output the length of an iso9660 filesystem killall5 (8) - send a signal to all processes ldconfig (8) - configure dynamic linker run-time bindings mkfs (8) - build a Linux filesystem mkfs.bfs (8) - make an SCO bfs filesystem mkfs.cramfs (8) - make compressed ROM file system mkfs.minix (8) - make a Minix filesystem mkswap (8) - set up a Linux swap area pivot_root (2) - change the root mount pivot_root (8) - change the root filesystem runuser (1) - run a command with substitute user and group ID start-stop-daemon (8) - start and stop system daemon programs sulogin (8) - single-user login swaplabel (8) - print or change the label or UUID of a swap area switch_root (8) - switch to another filesystem as the root of the mount ... wipefs (8) - wipe a signature from a device zramctl (8) - set up and control zram devices # /usr/bin/ - Sonstige programme [ (1) - check file types and compare values addpart (8) - tell the kernel about the existence of a partition apt (8) - command-line interface apt-cache (8) - query the APT cache apt-cdrom (8) - APT CD-ROM management utility apt-config (8) - APT Configuration Query program apt-get (8) - APT package handling utility -- command-line interface apt-key (8) - Deprecated APT key management utility apt-mark (8) - show, set and unset various settings for a package arch (1) - print machine hardware name (same as uname -m) b2sum (1) - compute and check BLAKE2 message digest base32 (1) - base32 encode/decode data and print to standard output base64 (1) - base64 encode/decode data and print to standard output basename (1) - strip directory and suffix from filenames basename (3) - parse pathname components basenc (1) - Encode/decode data and print to standard output bashbug (1) - report a bug in bash captoinfo (1) - convert a termcap description into a terminfo description chcon (1) - change file security context choom (1) - display and adjust OOM-killer score. chrt (1) - manipulate the real-time attributes of a process cksum (1) - compute and verify file checksums clear (1) - clear the terminal screen clear (3ncurses) - clear all or part of a curses window clear_console (1) - clear the console cmp (1) - compare two files byte by byte cmp (1ssl) - OpenSSL application commands comm (1) - compare two sorted files line by line csplit (1) - split a file into sections determined by context lines cut (1) - remove sections from each line of files deb-systemd-helper (1p) - subset of systemctl for machines not running systemd deb-systemd-invoke (1p) - wrapper around systemctl, respecting policy-rc.d delpart (8) - tell the kernel to forget about a partition diff (1) - compare files line by line diff3 (1) - compare three files line by line dircolors (1) - color setup for ls dirname (1) - strip last component from file name dirname (3) - parse pathname components Dpkg (3perl) - module with core variables dpkg (1) - package manager for Debian dpkg-deb (1) - Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool dpkg-divert (1) - override a package's version of a file dpkg-maintscript-helper (1) - works around known dpkg limitations in maintain... dpkg-query (1) - a tool to query the dpkg database dpkg-realpath (1) - print the resolved pathname with DPKG_ROOT support dpkg-split (1) - Debian package archive split/join tool dpkg-statoverride (1) - override ownership and mode of files dpkg-trigger (1) - a package trigger utility du (1) - estimate file space usage env (1) - run a program in a modified environment expand (1) - convert tabs to spaces expr (1) - evaluate expressions factor (1) - factor numbers faillog (5) - login failure logging file faillog (8) - display faillog records or set login failure limits fallocate (1) - preallocate or deallocate space to a file fallocate (2) - manipulate file space find (1) - search for files in a directory hierarchy flock (1) - manage locks from shell scripts flock (2) - apply or remove an advisory lock on an open file fmt (1) - simple optimal text formatter fold (1) - wrap each input line to fit in specified width getconf (1) - Query system configuration variables getent (1) - get entries from Name Service Switch libraries getopt (1) - parse command options (enhanced) getopt (3) - Parse command-line options groups (1) - print the groups a user is in hardlink (1) - link multiple copies of a file HEAD (1p) - Simple command line user agent head (1) - output the first part of files hostid (1) - print the numeric identifier for the current host i386 (8) - change reported architecture in new program environmen... iconv (1) - convert text from one character encoding to another iconv (3) - perform character set conversion id (1) - print real and effective user and group IDs infocmp (1) - compare or print out terminfo descriptions infotocap (1) - convert a terminfo description into a termcap description install (1) - copy files and set attributes ionice (1) - set or get process I/O scheduling class and priority ipcmk (1) - make various IPC resources ipcrm (1) - remove certain IPC resources ipcs (1) - show information on IPC facilities ischroot (1) - detect if running in a chroot join (1) - join lines of two files on a common field last (1) - show a listing of last logged in users lastb (1) - show a listing of last logged in users lastlog (8) - reports the most recent login of all users or of a giv... ld.so (8) - dynamic linker/loader ldd (1) - print shared object dependencies link (1) - call the link function to create a link to a file link (2) - make a new name for a file linux32 (8) - change reported architecture in new program environmen... linux64 (8) - change reported architecture in new program environmen... locale (1) - get locale-specific information locale (5) - describes a locale definition file locale (7) - description of multilanguage support localedef (1) - compile locale definition files logger (1) - enter messages into the system log logname (1) - print user's login name lscpu (1) - display information about the CPU architecture lsipc (1) - show information on IPC facilities currently employed ... lslocks (8) - list local system locks lslogins (1) - display information about known users in the system lsmem (1) - list the ranges of available memory with their online ... lsns (8) - list namespaces mcookie (1) - generate magic cookies for xauth md5sum (1) - compute and check MD5 message digest md5sum.textutils (1) - compute and check MD5 message digest mesg (1) - display (or do not display) messages from other users mkfifo (1) - make FIFOs (named pipes) mkfifo (3) - make a FIFO special file (a named pipe) namei (1) - follow a pathname until a terminal point is found newgrp (1) - log in to a new group nice (1) - run a program with modified scheduling priority nice (2) - change process priority nl (1) - number lines of files nl (3ncurses) - curses input options nohup (1) - run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty nproc (1) - print the number of processing units available nsenter (1) - run program in different namespaces numfmt (1) - Convert numbers from/to human-readable strings od (1) - dump files in octal and other formats partx (8) - tell the kernel about the presence and numbering of on... paste (1) - merge lines of files pathchk (1) - check whether file names are valid or portable perl (1) - The Perl 5 language interpreter perl5.36.0 (1) - The Perl 5 language interpreter pinky (1) - lightweight finger pldd (1) - display dynamic shared objects linked into a process pr (1) - convert text files for printing printenv (1) - print all or part of environment printf (1) - format and print data printf (3) - formatted output conversion prlimit (1) - get and set process resource limits prlimit (2) - get/set resource limits vlimit (3) - get/set resource limits ptx (1) - produce a permuted index of file contents realpath (1) - print the resolved path realpath (3) - return the canonicalized absolute pathname rename.ul (1) - rename files renice (1) - alter priority of running processes reset (1) - terminal initialization resizepart (8) - tell the kernel about the new size of a partition rev (1) - reverse lines characterwise rgrep (1) - print lines that match patterns runcon (1) - run command with specified security context savelog (8) - save a log file script (1) - make typescript of terminal session scriptlive (1) - re-run session typescripts, using timing information scriptreplay (1) - play back typescripts, using timing information sdiff (1) - side-by-side merge of file differences seq (1) - print a sequence of numbers setarch (8) - change reported architecture in new program environmen... setpriv (1) - run a program with different Linux privilege settings setsid (1) - run a program in a new session setsid (2) - creates a session and sets the process group ID setterm (1) - set terminal attributes sg (1) - execute command as different group ID sha1sum (1) - compute and check SHA1 message digest sha224sum (1) - compute and check SHA224 message digest sha256sum (1) - compute and check SHA256 message digest sha384sum (1) - compute and check SHA384 message digest sha512sum (1) - compute and check SHA512 message digest shred (1) - overwrite a file to hide its contents, and optionally ... shuf (1) - generate random permutations sort (1) - sort lines of text files split (1) - split a file into pieces stat (1) - display file or file system status stat (2) - get file status stat (3type) - file status stdbuf (1) - Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for it... sum (1) - checksum and count the blocks in a file tabs (1) - set tabs on a terminal tac (1) - concatenate and print files in reverse tail (1) - output the last part of files taskset (1) - set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity tee (1) - read from standard input and write to standard output ... tee (2) - duplicating pipe content test (1) - check file types and compare values tic (1) - the terminfo entry-description compiler timeout (1) - run a command with a time limit timeout (3ncurses) - curses input options toe (1) - table of (terminfo) entries tput (1) - initialize a terminal or query terminfo database tr (1) - translate or delete characters truncate (1) - shrink or extend the size of a file to the specified size truncate (2) - truncate a file to a specified length tset (1) - terminal initialization tsort (1) - perform topological sort tty (1) - print the file name of the terminal connected to stand... tty (4) - controlling terminal tzselect (1) - view timezones tzselect (8) - select a timezone uclampset (1) - manipulate the utilization clamping attributes of the ... unexpand (1) - convert spaces to tabs uniq (1) - report or omit repeated lines unlink (1) - call the unlink function to remove the specified file unlink (2) - delete a name and possibly the file it refers to unshare (1) - run program in new namespaces unshare (2) - disassociate parts of the process execution context update-alternatives (1) - maintain symbolic links determining default commands users (1) - print the user names of users currently logged in to t... utmpdump (1) - dump UTMP and WTMP files in raw format wall (1) - write a message to all users wc (1) - print newline, word, and byte counts for each file whereis (1) - locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a... which.debianutils (1) - locate a command who (1) - show who is logged on whoami (1) - print effective user name x86_64 (8) - change reported architecture in new program environmen... xargs (1) - build and execute command lines from standard input yes (1) - output a string repeatedly until killed zdump (8) - timezone dumper # /usr/sbin/ - Sonstige administrative programme add-shell (8) - add shells to the list of valid login shells chmem (8) - configure memory chroot (2) - change root directory chroot (8) - run command or interactive shell with special root dir... dpkg-fsys-usrunmess (8) - undoes the merged-/usr-via-aliased-dirs mess iconvconfig (8) - create iconv module configuration cache invoke-rc.d (8) - executes System-V style init script actions ldattach (8) - attach a line discipline to a serial line nologin (5) - prevent unprivileged users from logging into the system nologin (8) - politely refuse a login readprofile (8) - read kernel profiling information remove-shell (8) - remove shells from the list of valid login shells rmt-tar (8) - remote magnetic tape server rtcwake (8) - enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time service (8) - run a System V init script tarcat (1) - concatenates the pieces of a GNU tar multi-volume archive update-passwd (8) - safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group update-rc.d (8) - install and remove System-V style init script links update-shells (8) - update the list of valid login shells zic (8) - timezone compiler